Su At Kiply

Name: Su At Kiply

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Object Recognition (PengenalanObjek)

The ability to recognize familiar types of objects is an amazing characteristic that humans possess. The introduction is a cognitive ability that is generally done quickly and without much effort. The existence of pattern recognition involves a complex interaction between sensation, perception, memory, and cognitive searching with the purpose of recognition of the pattern.

Perceptual Theory

Psychologists who have studied perception develop two main theories about the way humans understand the world. The first theory, constructive perception, states that humans "reconstruct" perceptions by actively selecting stimuli and combining sensations with memory. Constructivists argue that the pattern changes in the original stimulus remain recognizable because of the unconscious interference, a process of integrating information spontaneously to construct interpretations. While the second theory, direct perception (direct perception), states that perception is formed from the acquisition of information directly from the environment. Both theories alike explain perceptions but focus on different stages of the process.

Visual Pattern Recognition

Each point of view has the basic similarities of the theory to each other, whereas the differences will provide an organizational framework. A constructivist will state that the brain is interpretative. The brain uses heuristics and algorithms to process information signals. But between the two brains tend to rely, so it will often make mistakes. The fallacy is generally rooted in a perceptual illusion that causes us to see what is not really in the physical world. This type of illusion depicts the way the mind organizes visual stimuli as well as illustrates the importance of the mind in the introduction of objects is an illusion called illusory contour. In this illusory contour there is lateral inhibition, the tendency of neural elements adjacent in the retina to block the surrounding cells, thus reinforcing the impression of the contours. Gestalt psychologists argue that humans form subjective illusions because of simple and familiar figures in good form in an environment. This idea is known as Prägnanz's law and is considered the main law of Gestalt perception.

Gestalt Theory

The pattern organization for Gestalt psychologists involves the cooperation of all stimuli in generating an impression that goes beyond the combined sensations. Some stimuli patterns, according to Max Wertheimer (1923) are naturally organized. The Gestalt laws include:

·        The law of proximity

·        The law of similarity

·        The law of closure

·        The law of symmetry

·        The law of continuity

·        The law of common fate

The study of pattern recognition by cognitive psychologists has broadened the field of early Gestalt psychologists' research. Some modern cognitive psychologists concentrate on the internal structures and processes associated with complex pattern recognition, rather than emphasizing the characteristics of simple stimuli.

Bottom Processing - Up Vs Top - Down Processing

There are two patterns in recognizing a pattern. The first theory, bottom-up processing, is the theory that the recognition process begins with the identification of the specific parts of a pattern as its foundation. The second theory, top-down processing, suggests that the recognition process begins with the hypothesis of a pattern followed by the introduction of that part of the pattern.

Top-down processing requires a certain amount of implementation time. Researchers testing facial recognition have found that faces can be interpreted by feature and configurational parts.

Template Matching

An early theory of how the brain recognizes patterns and objects is called the template matching theory. The theory of template matching as a pattern recognition theory, has its weaknesses and advantages. The advantages of this theory that is in recognizing a brain pattern to compare visual stimuli with something internal stored in memory. The downside, an interpretation of the template matching theory will face difficulties.

Feature Analysis

An approach to the problem of how we filter information from complex stimuli is called feature analysis. This theory says that object recognition is a high-level information processing preceded by the identification of complex stimuli coming into the retina according to simpler features. The two main streams of research - neurological and behavioral - have supported the feature-analysis hypothesis.

Prototype Matching

This theory assumes that forming a specific template or even forming features of the various patterns that must be identified, we will store a number of abstraction patterns in memory. As a pattern recognition theory, template matching has usability in computer programs, but in its rigid form, template matching cannot account for the very diverse, accurate and economical introduction of human objects.