Su At Kiply

Nama: Su At Kiply

NIM: 16410235

PROBLEM SOLVING AND DECISION MAKING

(Pemecahan Masalah dan Pengambilan Keputusan)

Problem Solving

Problem solving is a direct-directed thinking to find a solution to a specific problem. We find problems in our daily lives, so we will create a way to respond, choose, and test the responses we get to solve a problem.

Cognitive psychologists focus on defining cognitive processes that belong to internal representation. Recently there is research that is able to define the cognitive structure systematically associated with problem-solving activities. A model that can describe the relationship between the memory structure and the semantic network during the troubleshooting process.

Creativity

Often, we assume that most people are creative only in certain areas. Actually, there are other kinds of creativity in human beings, but often we do not realize and do not know it. Creativity is a cognitive activity that produces a new view of a problem and is not limited to results that are always viewed according to their usefulness. Based on the history of cognitive psychology, Wallas (1926) explains that there are 4 stages in the creative process:

·         Preparation. Formulate a problem and make an initial effort to solve it.

·         Incubation. A period in which no effort is made directly to solve problems and attention is diverted for a moment on another.

·         Illumination. Gain insight (deep experience) of the problem.

·         Verification. Test the understanding that has been obtained and make the solution.

Human Intelligence

Due to the wide use of the word intelligence, psychologists disagree on one definition only. However, the core of this topic is a higher form of cognition such as concept formation, reasoning, problem solving, creativity, and memories and perceptions associated with human intelligence.

The studies that cognitive psychologists have done about human intelligence are about the speed of information processing, general knowledge, reasoning, and problem solving. Psychologists who examine human intelligence in relation to reasoning and problem solving propound theories of intelligence in three ways include,

·         Component intelligence behavior. People with this type of intelligence generally get through the tests well and become the best in the test. They can comment on the work of others well, also have high analytical thinking skills.

·         Behavior of experiential intelligence. People with this type of intelligence may not get high IQ scores, but they are creative. In general, their ability can lead to success in various fields, be it business, medical and carpentry.

·         Contextual intelligence behavior. This type of intelligence is the most important tool in everyday interactions, both within the slum and the boardroom.

Decision Making

Inductive Reasoning

In inductive reasoning, a conclusion is expressed explicitly or implicitly through a statement whose nature of truth is not absolutely, but a possibility. Inductive reasoning differs from the decisions we make by not paying too much attention to the well-thought out syllogistic paradigm. In inductive reasoning, the decisions we take are based on the past and the conclusions drawn from what we feel is the best choice of a number of alternatives. In making decisions based on inductive reasoning, we choose alternatives by eliminating less attractive choices gradually. We will eliminate the less attractive alternatives based on the evaluation of the attributes or aspects of the alternatives. If there are alternatives that do not have a minimum standard that we agree on, then those alternatives are eliminated from the set of options available.

Decision Making in Real Life

In real life, we use a lot of reasoning dialogue in daily decision-making. In this logic of reasoning, there are arguments that are thrown into the reference or benchmark in making a decision. One way an argument can be described is by identifying the principal structural components shown in the argumentative dialogue by Rips et al (1999). Components of argumentative dialogue consist of demands, sometimes followed by leeway, demand on the basis of truth, or denial, etc.

The False Mind of Reification

Assume that an idea is real when it is a hypothetical or metaphorical idea.

·         Arguments Ad Hominem: Arguments that attack a person's character. Not the content of the argument itself.

·         Arguments That Use Coercion and Strength: Arguments based on something that has nothing to do with or relation to that argument but is justified because of the imposed and powerful extra element.

·         Using Power and Fame: Arguments are made by people who basically have a big influence in people's lives because of power and fame.

·         Majority-Absolute Argument: Arguments are assumed to be true if the majority of people claim it, and ultimately it is considered true.

·         Straw Man's Argument: It means building a weak argument and connecting it with others so that it can be defeated. This argument is focused and important to divert the main purpose of the argument.