Su At Kiply

Nama: Su At Kiply

NIM: 16410235

COGNITION IN HUMAN LIFE

(Kognisi Sepanjang Hidup Manusia)

Human cognition, from a developmental point of view, is the result of a series of developmental stages beginning in the early years of early growth. Our perceptions, memories, language, and thought processes are controlled by the genetic structure we have inherited and the changes we experience are affected by physical and social interactions. Human cognition declines in the elderly, this is due to the withdrawal of the neurological and physical function of an individual.

Attention to the development of cognition throughout individual life span was first initiated by Jean Piaget and Lev's research. S. Vygotsky from Russia. Jean Piaget adopted a unique and powerful perspective. He determined that intellectuality, is the result of evolutionary adaptation. Piaget's cognitive development stage is divided into 4 stages: the sensory, pre-operational, operational-concrete, and operational-formal stages.

Although very influential, but Piaget's theory is also not free from various challenges. Jean Mandler proposed that the ability to think is much broader than Piaget's. There is evidence to suggest early conceptualization of perceptualization. In an experiment (Spelke, 1979), two films describing complex events that followed a vote were shown in 4-month-old infants. The baby chooses to view the movie that matches the sound. The results of this study indicate that the child is able to distinguish two separate stimuli (film and sound) and combine them together as shown by the behavior of matching film and sound.

Vygotsky received the stage of Piaget's development, but refused to emphasize the genetically determined sequence. Piaget believes that development precedes learning, while Vygotsky believes that learning precedes progress. Vygotsky thinks that children go through three stages in conceptual development, namely: The establishment of thematic concepts, where relationships between objects are considered important, the formation of chain concepts, and the formation of abstract concepts that resemble adult concept formation.

Cognitive processes, such as perception, memory, imagery, language, thinking, and problem solving are based on structures in neurological processes. Brain development occurs during prenatal period. In the early stages of development, the brain is still not fully grown, but in the ninth month, the lobes are distinguishable and invagination is already beginning to appear. Nonetheless, cognitive development does not seem to have fully emerged until the mid-twentieth century.

Research on cognitive change in relation to age requires systematic exploration of different processes. The development of cognitive abilities includes the development of intelligence, information acquisition capabilities, memory, advanced cognition in children, and the formation of child prototypes.

In the development of intelligence capabilities, researchers conducted research on twins. The results of studies on twins today show that genetic factors play an important role in determining the verbal and spatial abilities in children.

Scientific evidence suggests that babies have memory of events as well as their ability to form concepts (Mandler & McDonough, 1998). At the basic level, infants show recognition of previously observed stimuli, such as the mother's face, or classically conditioned responses. This discovery does not indicate that initial memory is the same as memory in adults. The first attempt to find the earliest memory in the average age was 39 to 42 months. In a period of 10 to 30 years produces an autobiographical memory. It was a fun and sad occasion during adolescence to early adulthood, and the most memorable.

Studies that compare advanced cognition in children and adults show that children use the same story schematic in the way adults do. While adults rely more on semantic representation, children rely more on perceptual representations, such as imagery. The formation of conceptual categories precedes language acquisition, based on the formation of prototypes in infants.