Su At Kiply

Nama: Su At Kiply

NIM: 16410235

CONCEPT FORMATION AND LOGIC

(Pembentukan Konsep dan Logika)

For some people, cognitive psychology is the science of thinking and thinkers can be said as a crown of cognition. For some people it is a brilliant brilliance, it even becomes very noble among most people. And in fact these facts happen. One of the wonders of our species in reality is "thinking" is a general term of information processing.

Thinking is the process that forms new mental representations initiating information transformation by the complex interaction of mental attribution that includes consideration, abstraction, reasoning, depiction, logical problem solving, concept formation, creativity and intelligence.

CONCEPT FORMATION

The formation of concepts relates to the grinding of properties that correspond to the class of objects or ideas. The formation of the concept used is less scope than thought and it is easy to learn experimentally that there is knowledge that can be considered with the law and the process of concept formation. The initial definition of concept is mental representation, idea or process. This is normally exposed through experimental introspection methods that have been widely accepted as a major psychological technique. The decline of introspection as a method and popularity of behaviorism, especially in American psychology brings not only a revolutionary methodological but also a correspondence change in the view of origin to cognitive events and consequently in the definition of concepts.

The concept defined in its characteristics is the characteristic of an object or event which is also a characteristic of another object or event. Specificity that can be made on a quantitative basis also on a qualitative basis has been exposed. Mobility is a qualitative feature that can also be measured quantitatively. Your Kia car may have mobility (qualitative statement) but may not have the mobility of a person's Lexus car measured by speed. Then, both dimensional (quantitative) and attitudinal (qualitative) characteristics open up conceptual formation, both of which have been widely studied.

Association: What is association?

The oldest and most influential theory in concept formation is the principle of association also known as association. In a concise format, the principle of holding the bond that will form between events (or objects) at all times is brought together again. Reinforcement, or reward system, can facilitate the form of bonding. Thus, the principle of association postulates that conceptual learning is the result of (1) reinforcing the right pair of a stimulus (eg. red box) with a response that identifies it as a concept, and (2) non-strengthening (form of punishment) improper pairing of a stimulus (eg. red circles) with responses to identify them as concepts (such a mechanistic review leaves little room for the usual concept of modern cognitive theory of the internal structure that selects, organizes, and transforms information).

Hypothesis testing

The common opinion that people sometimes solve problems and form concepts by formalizing and testing hypotheses has long appeared in experimental psychology. Direct application of the hypothesis testing model for concept formation by Bruner, Good now, and Austin (1956) in their influential book, a study of thinking, introduces simple methodological analysis results in concept formation.

The initial stage in concept formation is choosing a hypothesis or strategy consistent with the object of our investigation. When we seek to find something, the process involves the formation of priorities, as a researcher may regulate the sequence of experiments, an attorney may ask a series of questions, or a doctor may mix a set of diagnostic tests.

In a concept-forming experiment, Bruner and his colleagues (1956) introduced the concept of the entire universe (eg, all possible variations of dimension and attribute) to participants and identified something from the conceptual exemplars to be achieved by the participants. Participants will take one thing. Strategic participants may choose in concept formation to include scanning and centralization, each having its subtypes:

1.     Scanning of stimulants. Participants start with all the hypotheses and eliminate the untenable.

2.    Scanning successively. Participants start with a single hypothesis, develop it if successful and if unsuccessful, and can replace it with another hypothesis based on previous experience.

3.    Conservative consolidation. Participants formulate hypotheses, choose positive events as focus, and create a sequence of rearrangements (each time only changing one characteristic) with regard to which traits are positive and negative.

LOGIC

Thinking is a common process to determine an issue in mind, while logic is the science of thinking. Although two people can think about the same thing, their conclusions are achieved through thinking may be different, one logical, and the other not logical.